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This is terrible! Go, Sonic the Hedgehog! Everyone is waiting for your help.
— Japanese manual
Sonic the Hedgehog (ソニック・ザ・ヘッジホッグ,Sonikku za Hejjihoggu?), retroactively called Sonic 1, is a 2D platformer video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Mega Drive. It is the launch title of the Sonic the Hedgehog series and marks the official debut of Sega's current mascot, Sonic the Hedgehog, who can run at supersonic speeds. Players control Sonic during his quest to defeat Doctor Eggman, who is on the hunt for powerful relics known as the Chaos Emeralds on South Island. The gameplay involves using a Spin Attack to defeat enemies and collecting Rings for health.
The game began development in April 1990, following an internal contest at Sega of Japan to create a new mascot for the company. A team of seven developed the game, including lead programmer Yuji Naka, character designer Naoto Ohshima, and lead designer Hirokazu Yasuhara. What would evolve into Sonic was originally a rabbit, but was later replaced by a hedgehog to allow a faster and simpler gameplay. Despite strong enthusiasm within Sega of Japan, the project was ill-received by the company's American division; disagreements and miscommunications resulted in the game and the franchise it would spawn receiving separate regional versions until the late 1990s. The soundtrack was made by Masato Nakamura, from the J-pop band Dreams Come True.
Sonic the Hedgehog was revealed at the Consumer Electronics Show in January 1991. It was released in June of that year in the United Kingdom and North America, and in July in the rest of the world, following an aggressive marketing campaign that pitted Sonic against Mario, Nintendo's mascot. It was widely praised by critics and significantly boosted the popularity of the Mega Drive and Sega itself. The game's success allowed Sega to directly compete with Nintendo, sparking a heated rivalry throughout the 1990s often referred to as the "console wars". Sonic the Hedgehog has since been ported numerous times to many other consoles and compilations, with most versions featuring additional content and enhancements.
The story is set on South Island, known for housing the Chaos Emeralds, six powerful gemstones that can bring energy to living beings and power weapons of mass destruction. No one knows how to obtain these gems, as South Island is a moving island, with the Emeralds existing within its natural distortions.[7]
Dr. Eggman[note 1] learns of the Chaos Emeralds' existence and raids South Island to obtain them, capturing the local Animals to power his Badnik robots and building the Scrap Brain as his base of operations. His nemesis, Sonic the Hedgehog, rushes to stop him.[7] Sonic travels through the various Zones, freeing the Animals and defeating Eggman on numerous occasions while hunting for the Chaos Emeralds.
Sonic eventually infiltrates the Scrap Brain. After a few setbacks, he engages in a final fight against Eggman in a room armed with the Egg Crusher. After defeating the doctor, Sonic returns to Green Hill, where he celebrates his victory with the Animals.[8] A post-credits sequence will play depending on the player's actions: not collecting the six Chaos Emeralds results in Eggman securing them for himself,[8] and the post-credits scene depicts him juggling the uncollected Emeralds. If the player has collected all Emeralds, they instead fill Green Hill with flowers before disappearing, and Eggman is shown angrily jumping on the text "END".
Gameplay[]
Gameplay screenshot of Sonic the Hedgehog depicting the game's basic elements and HUD.
Sonic the Hedgehog is a 2D side-scrolling platform video game. Players control Sonic, who gradually accelerates as he runs until he reaches his top speed, required to bypass ramps and loops. The enemies are animal-themed robots known as "Badniks," destroyed after a single hit. Sonic's main method of attack is the Spin Attack, where he curls up into a ball to damage Badniks and some obstacles upon collision, performed by jumping (Spin Jump) or rolling while running. The game is set in six worlds known as "Zones," each divided into three Acts, as well as the single-Act Final Zone.
The player can find Rings scattered in the levels. When collected, Rings provide the player with a layer of protection from enemy attacks and other hazards. If Sonic receives damage while holding at least one Ring, his Rings scatter and can be re-collected before disappearing. The player loses a life if Sonic is hit without Rings. Certain events take one life regardless of Rings, like getting crushed, drowning, falling into a bottomless pit, or getting a Time Over by exceeding 10 minutes in a level. After dying, Sonic respawns at the latest checkpoint or at a Star Post he touches. The player gets a Game Over if they run out of lives but may use a Continue to resume their progress.
Sonic receives power-ups by destroying Item Boxes, which depict the power-up on a monitor screen: the Super Ring grants him 10 Rings; the Shield provides him with an additional layer of protection from obstacles; Invincible makes Sonic invulnerable to most hazards for a few seconds; and the Power Sneakers temporarily make him much faster than normal. 1-Up Item Boxes give the player an additional life; lives are also obtained by collecting 100 Rings or accumulating a score of a multiple of 50,000.
Acts 1 and 2 end with a Goal Plate, while Acts 3 culminate in a fight against Doctor Eggman in his Egg Mobile. After Eggman is defeated, the player destroys a Capsule, freeing the critters inside and proceeding to the next Zone. When an Act is completed, the player's score is tallied based on the number of Rings held by the end and the time spent in the level. Also, if the player finishes the first or second Act while holding at least 50 Rings, they can jump into a Giant Ring which warps them to one of six Special Stages, in which Sonic navigates a rotating maze to find a Chaos Emerald. Collecting all six Chaos Emeralds grants the player the good ending, but otherwise does not affect gameplay.
Sonic the Hedgehog has seven Zones. The first six Zones contain three Acts, with the third Act ending with a boss battle against Doctor Eggman. All bosses in this game take eight hits to defeat.
Green Hill Zone: A natural landscape with checkered soil, oversized flowers, totems, and palm trees. The boss of Green Hill Act 3 is the Egg Wrecker, consisting of Eggman's Egg Mobile swinging a wrecking ball around.
Marble Zone: An ancient ruin in a mountain range, with various pools of lava. Most of Marble Zone is spent in an underground dungeon with traps. At the end of Act 3, the player fights the Egg Scorcher, which is the Egg Mobile with a fireball cannon on its underside.
Spring Yard Zone: A city in a forest and some mountains during the sunset. The player bounces around in Bumpers and navigates using moving blocks. Spring Yard's boss is the Egg Stinger, the Egg Mobile with a spike that it uses to slowly dismantle the bridge that the battle takes place on.
Labyrinth Zone: The insides of an ancient ruin. This stage is infamous for being mostly set underwater, where Sonic moves much more slowly and drowns unless he uses the air bubbles that emerge from cracks on the floor to breathe. At the end of Labyrinth Act 3, the player pursues Eggman in a trap-ridden ascent while water continually rises.
Star Light Zone: A construction site in the middle of the city at the night. Star Light features seesaws, which contain an iron ball that can be used to give Sonic an upward boost. This gimmick appears in the Zone's boss, the Egg Spiker, which drops explosive versions of such balls onto the arena's seesaws.
Scrap Brain Zone: A heavily mechanized and polluted area and Eggman's base of operations. Act 1 is set outdoors, while Act 2 takes place inside one of Scrap Brain's facilities. Sonic is then lured into a trap and falls into an area similar to Labyrinth Zone, which is where Act 3 takes place. There is no boss here.
Final Zone: It is set immediately after Scrap Brain Act 3 and in the same facility as Act 2. The stage is a boss fight against the Egg Crusher, a room with four hydraulic presses–with Eggman inside any of those–and seeking plasma balls. Sonic is given no Rings during this battle, and must attack the press with Eggman inside to defeat him.
Sonic the Hedgehog features six Special Stages, optional levels accessed by jumping into a Giant Ring at the end of the first or second Act of the first five Zones with at least 50 Rings. In a Special Stage, Sonic continually spins but otherwise retains most of his basic movement: the player's objective is to guide him through a rotating maze that contains a Chaos Emerald.
The Special Stages feature several gimmicks: the misleadingly-named Goal tiles expel Sonic from the Special Stage empty-handed if touched; Bumpers act like in Spring Yard; Up and Down tiles change the maze's rotating speed; Reverse tiles invert the level's rotation; and Color Blocks of varying degrees of resistance gradually wear down and disappear while touched. Most Special Stages feature a Chaos Emerald at the end or the center of the maze, encased in Color Blocks. The stage will end in a success when Sonic touches the Emerald. Obtaining all six Emeralds does not affect gameplay, but changes the game's post-credits scene.
This rabbit character initially served as the game's protagonist.
The groundwork for Sonic the Hedgehog was laid down in 1990, when Sega of Japan commissioned a mascot to replace Alex Kidd, Sega's mascot at the time, and compete with Nintendo's Mario.[9][10] Hundreds of character designs were submitted, ranging from robots to animals to people. Designer Naoto Ohshima and programmer Yuji Naka, both of whom had worked on the Phantasy Star series, initially conceived a rabbit who would grab and throw enemies with his ears, but the idea proved too complicated for the Mega Drive hardware.[11][12][13]
Naka wanted a fast-paced game that would allow players to beat early levels quickly in repeat playthroughs, as games at the time rarely had a save system. Conceptualizing rolling-based attacks to defeat enemies, the duo, joined by lead designer Hirokazu Yasuhara, ultimately chose a hedgehog character as the game's protagonist, as the animal's quills would better convey a sense of speed and tie into the rolling attack.[13][11] Based off an initially discarded sketch by Ohshima, the character was provisionally named "Mr. Hedgehog"[14] and later given the name Sonic, from "supersonic," the speed above the speed of sound.[12][13] The development team grew into seven people and took the name Sonic Team.[15]
The team aimed for Sonic's design to be as simple and recognizable as possible.[16][17] His blue fur is analogous to Sega's corporate logo and the ocean, while his shoes' red and white color scheme derived from the cover of Michael Jackson's album Bad and Santa Claus's costume.[18][19][20][21] Sonic was made independent, rebellious, and impulsive; the team drew inspiration from the culture of the United States, aiming for success in the American market to attact Japanese costumers as well.[18][19][15]
Concepts of Madonna, the scrapped love interest of Sonic.
Sonic the Hedgehog's original storyline involved rescuing Sonic's human girlfriend, Madonna, who was inspired by the American singer. Sonic would have also been the singer of a rock band.[18] When first presented with Sonic, Sega of America executives strongly rejected the character and anticipated that the game would fail.[22][23] The new Sega of America president, Tom Kalinske, alongside product manager Madeline Schroeder and marketing director Al Nilsen, worked on the Sonic Bible, an internal document detailing a different backstory for Sonic. Both Madonna and the rock band were also removed to "soften" the character.[23] When a compromise was reached following disputes over the game's direction, Sonic the Hedgehog's narrative incorporated environmental themes: Doctor Eggman was created as the villain, based off of a sketch by Ohshima of a man in pajamas, to represent machinery.[11][13] Due to miscommunications between Sega's American and Japanese branches, the character was named "Dr. Ivo Robotnik" outside of Japan.
Programming the game's mechanics proved difficult due to its speed-centric nature. Screen flicker, jerky animations, and slow frame rate were among the technical issues encountered early in development. Additionally, Sonic's speed had to be slowed down after playtesters reported suffering from motion sickness while playing the game.[11][13]Sonic the Hedgehog was aimed to cater to as many game demographics as possible and fully showcase the Mega Drive's capabilities:[10][11] development included a crunch schedule of 19-hour days for six months, while the first stage, Green Hill Zone, was redone multiple times from scratch across eight months of development.[24][11]
Sonic the Hedgehog's graphical direction used cartoonish yet futuristic environments: inspirations include the CGI technology of the 1980s, pop artist Eizin Suzuki, and the US West Coast, particularly the state of California.[15][10][25] Background assets were made to appear 3D and employed bright colors and high contrast.[10] The soundtrack was scored by Masato Nakamura, from the J-pop band Dreams Come True. Nakamura was provided with screenshots and descriptions to visualize the game's atmosphere. Approaching the project as if it were a film, he also drew inspiration from the scores of 1980s films like Top Gun. Nakamura worked on the game's music concurrently with the Dreams Come True album Million Kisses, and recalls that the most difficult part of the project was having to adapt to the limited sound capabilities of the Mega Drive.[26][27]
Promotional campaign and release []
The poster seen on Dreams Come True's tour truck in November 1990.[12][26]
A technical demo of Sonic the Hedgehog was showcased at the Tokyo Toy Show in June 1990. The game was still in its infancy, featuring a very early version of Green Hill Zone limited to having Sonic run through a simple course with seven-layer scrolling, and received little press coverage.[28][12][29] In November 1990, Sega became a sponsor of Dreams Come True's tour through Japan, providing the band with a truck with a poster of Sonic on the side.[26] Pamphlets promoting the game were also handed during the concert,[12] which marked one of Sonic's earliest public appearances.
Sonic the Hedgehog's first presentation in North America was at the 43rd International Consumers Electronic Show (CES), in January 1991. It received very positive reactions, winning the CES award for innovation.[29][30] Sega employed an aggressive marketing campaign to counter Nintendo;[29] they playtested the game with Mario fans, with the overwhelming majority preferring Sonic.[31] The game released on 21 June 1991 in the United Kingdom,[32] 23 June in North America, and in July in Japan and the PAL regions.[33][34] Kalinske, a believer in the razor and blades model, also packaged Sonic with the Genesis (the North American name of the Mega Drive), replacing Altered Beast as the bundle game, a tactic that enabled Sega of America to sell 15 million Genesis units.[30][29][35][36] Genesis owners who bought their consoles before the switch could also request free copies of Sonic by mail.[29]
As was common at the time, Sonic's marketing was handled by different teams across different regions. The game's Japanese packaging was designed by illustrator Akira Watanabe,[37] while the North American box artwork was drawn by the American Greg Wray, also an artist for The Walt Disney Company and Warner Bros.[38]
The original Sonic the Hedgehog was very well received by critics, scoring 90.14% on GameRankings.[39] The game was an instant success that allowed Sega to wrap their video game business around and have a potential platformer to compete with Nintendo's Super Mario franchise.[45] The gameplay, audio and graphics were praised by reviewers.
IGN reviewer Lucas M. Thomas gave Sonic the Hedgehog an 8/10, praising the simple but fast gameplay, the soundtrack and commended that "few people realize how difficult it was to create Sonic's graphics engine, which allowed for the incredible rate of speed the game's known for. The technical achievement impressed back in '91, and still does so today."[44]GameSpot reviewer Greg Kasavin gave the game a 7.3/10, praising the great soundtrack and memorable sound effects, the fast-paced, responsive platformer action and cute, colorful graphics that have a good deal of charm and personality, although he felt that the later levels can get frustrating tough, requiring meticulous memorization.[43]Mean Machines called the Sonic the Hedgehog "the best platform game on the Megadrive!"[3]Sega Power's rating of 97% was their highest score as of September 1991, ending their review by stating that, "if you're a Master System owner, then by[sic] a Mega Drive just for this!"
Achievements[]
These are the achievements which add to the player's Gamerscore on the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network versions of Sonic the Hedgehog.
It has been stated that the events of Sonic 1 have taken place in the Sonic the Comic series published by Fleetway Editions, while otherwise did not directly adapt the events of the first game due to its later release date. The events of the Promo Comic are directly referenced in Sonic the Comic #26, "Kintobor spelled backwards is...".
An adaptation of Sonic the Hedgehog was later made in the Sonic X comic series published by Archie Comics in Sonic X #10-#11, as part of the "No Thanks for the Memories!" storyline. Unlike in the original game however, this adaptation takes place within a virtual world. Archie Comics later made another adaptation of Sonic the Hedgehog as part of their "Genesis" arc, in Sonic the Hedgehog #226-#227. It has also been stated that the events of the game have taken place within the post-Super Genesis Wave timeline. An adaptation of the game's events in that timeline was later made in Sonic the Hedgehog #288 as the first part of the "Genesis of a Hero" storyline.
This was one of the games adapted for release in arcades using MegaPlay and MegaTech technology in 1993. The game is almost identical to the console version, except each Act has a strict time limit before the player loses a life; the Special Stages, Marble Zone, Labyrinth Zone, and Scrap Brain Zone Act 3 have been removed; and a high score table is added after a Game Over or defeating the Egg Crusher.
Includes only the final boss of this game in the museum mode. If the Final Zone is beaten within the time limit, the player can continue on to the beginning of the game until the timer runs out.
An emulated version of the game that was released for download on Mobile phones in 2005, under the Sega Mobile banner. However, the game is split into two parts. Part 1 contains the first three zones, while Part 2 contains the last three.
Sega Mega Drive Collection Vol. 1
Play TV Legends
This is a game console which is part of the Play TV Legends plug-and-play series. It has six built-in games that can be played when the console is connected to the TV, with the title game being Sonic the Hedgehog. This was released in Europe and the United States in 2005.
Super Sonic Gold
This is a console that has four built in games and no cartridge slot. Released in the United States and Europe in 2005.
iTunes released a "Click Wheel Game" version of the game for download under the Sega Mobile banner. It was compatible with the iPod Nano (3rd, 4th, 5th Generation) and iPod classic (5th Generation). Not to be confused with the iOS port.
Available for download on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service, released on 7 November 2007.[50] As of 20 May 2022, the game has been delisted from the service.[51]
Browser
Made available for the PlaySega browser game service on 4 December 2008.[6]
Available for download on the PlayStation Network service. Available to PlayStation Plus members for free from 1 March to 5 April 2011. Available to regular users on 29 March 2011. As of 20 May 2022, the game has been delisted from the service.[51]
Available for download on Kyocera Echo via G-Gee by Gmo. It was available for free (including other games by G-Gee and Sega's Super Monkey Ball) for a short period of time.
Playable from the hub world, being unlocked after a Genesis controller is purchased from the Skill Shop. This version keeps track of time (similar to the release of Sonic Jam). In addition, a new bonus feature can be unlocked via the Skill Shop: infinite continues. The Xbox 360 version lacks the level select code, but the PlayStation 3 version has it intact. It is removed from the PC version in favor of slightly enriching the core game experience.
As a celebration of the Sega Mega Drive's 25th anniversary in Japan, Sega released another port of the original Sonic the Hedgehog, which is part of series of Mega Drive games re-released to take advantage of 3D. The port also features Spin Dash as an optional move, Stage Select feature, input settings, sound settings, the option to toggle the original revisions, and separate display settings with stereoscopic sense to create a 3D experience. It was released in Japan on 15 May 2013,[52] and in North America and PAL Regions on 5 December 2013.[53][54]
Re-released as part of the Sega Ages line for the Nintendo Switch, this version includes some features such as the Spin Dash and Drop Dash from Sonic Mania, along with two new modes: Ring Keep Mode and Time Attack. It was released on 20 September 2018.
On 12 December 2021, Tesla CEO Elon Musk revealed that Sonic the Hedgehog would be coming to Tesla infotainment systems.[56][57] The inclusion of the game is part of the partnership between Sega and Tesla, as the game would be available in all Tesla models around the world via the built-in display screen in conjunction with a handheld controller connected through the car's USB ports.[58] The port was released on 22 December 2021 in limited form during the Tesla's 2021 holiday update.[59]
Released on 23 June 2022 to celebrate the Sonic series' 30th anniversary. In addition to a remaster version of Sonic the Hedgehog, this game in the compilation contains additional modes, new cutscenes, and Missions. Additionally, the game includes Tails and Knuckles as playable characters, and the Drop Dash for Sonic.
An expanded re-release of Sonic Origins. Now featuring Amy Rose as a playable character. Released on 23 June 2023 (exactly one year after the original version).
Trivia[]
There are two versions of the game. The revision is common in Japan, but contrary to popular belief it was also released worldwide in smaller quantities. This update makes some very minor changes to the game's programming, as well as adds some visual effects such as scrolling clouds in Green Hill Zone or water ripples in Labyrinth Zone. It also corrects the Zone order on the Level Select. The later version of the game is used for most subsequent re-releases. In addition, the scrolling clouds return in most appearances of Green Hill Zone.
The six Chaos Emeralds.
Due to the way memory is stored in the 6-Pak and Sonic Classics cartridge rereleases of the game, regular Game Genie codes for Sonic the Hedgehog will not work with those specific releases. A distinct set of codes is required instead.
Sonic the Hedgehog only featured six Chaos Emeralds, as the seventh emerald (turquoise) was introduced in the sequel. Therefore, super transformation did not yet officially exist in the original release. However, in Android re-release ports of this game, this emerald was added, allowing Sonic to be able to transform into Super Sonic. This also applies to Tails and Knuckles, as they themselves and their respective Super States are included in the 2013 remaster.
The Sonic The Hedgehog Promo Comic does allude to the existence of a 7th Emerald, even though the comic was made well before Sonic 2 entered production, and no such Emerald existed in the first game at the time.
The original cartridge release of Sonic The Hedgehog does not have an age rating, as it predates the creation of both Sega's short-lived Videogame Rating Council (VRC) and the ESRB rating system. Rereleases of the game would graft the ESRB's K-A (Kids To Adults) rating and it's successor (E for Everyone) onto it.
Strangely, the PlayStation Network port of the game was rated E10+ by the ESRB. However, that was changed to an E rating in 2013.
The original US manual for the game mistakenly implies in its story synopsis that Sonic The Hedgehog's speed comes solely from his "Power Sneakers", even though there is absolutely no evidence in the games, whether in the Western or Japanese branch of the series, or any adaptation thereof, that this was ever the case. Sonic Team have confirmed that Sonic was born with his speed as a natural ability. Note that the Japanese manual for the game makes no mention of this peculiar bit of lore. However, it is likely that the writer of the manual simply made the mistake of assuming that the Speed-Up Shoes Monitor (which does make Sonic go even faster) was the source of Sonic's speed, or simply used poor phrasing that wasn't meant to imply that it was the actual source of his speed.
Naoto Oshima drew all of the concept art for the games stages, but deferred to other artists to create the games spriteart. Artist Jina Ishiwatari Tsukahara spent an entire year working on and redoing/refining the background art for Green Hill Zone, and another six months on the backgrounds for the rest of the games stages with the exception of Starlight Zone and Labyrinth Zone, which were instead done by the late Rieko Kodama.[60][better source needed]
Rui Sousa holds the world high score record for Sonic the Hedgehog: 1,559,180. He achieved this on 21 March 2015.[61]
Artist Craig Stitt recalls playing a beta version of Sonic 1 that only had Green Hill Zone, had collision bugs and didn't have the Rings scatter whenever you got hit.[62]
Curiously, Scrap Brain Zone Act 3 and Final Zone do not reward players with extra Points in the original cartridge release--Scrap Brain Zone Act 3 simply ends with a quick transition to Final Zone, and the game quickly cuts to the ending after Robotnik's defeat. The Time Trial versions of the levels in the Sonic Origins remaster rectify this.
Despite the game's manual enticing players with a massive 50,000 point bonus if they complete a level in under 30 seconds, there are many levels in the game that are impossible to complete in such a short time without--or in some cases even with--exploiting glitches and cheats such as Debug Mode. Final Zone is a notable example, as there is no known way to defeat Robotnik in any time shorter than over a minute.
There are 4,093 Rings total dispersed throughout the games Acts and Special Stages in the original cartridge release. The Sonic Jam port would add a few more Rings to Final Zone if a certain difficulty setting is selected.
In the G4 special Top 100 Video Games of All Time, the game was ranked at #50.[63]
The game was listed in the book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die. In addition, Sonic the Hedgehog 2 and Sonic Adventure were also listed.[64]
The Spanish and Italian translation present in the European manual of Sonic The Hedgehog erroneously call Sonic a porcupine.
So far, this is the Sonic game with the most ports and re-releases, with more than a dozen of them.
Differing from the gameplay, all of Dr. Eggman's appearences on the American artworks for the game have him lacking glasses, and instead depicting him with beady black eyes, with an additional lack of gloves. This design would continue on in western artworks for later classic Sonic games and other western Sonic media, and specifically using the black eyes in allthreecartoons.
Although the European cover of the game depicts Dr. Eggman with his Japanese design, later Sonic artworks in said continent would use the same one as the American.
↑Yuji Naka / 中 裕司 on Twitter(Japanese). Twitter (January 24, 2021). Archived from the original on January 24, 2021. "悔しいのでもう一度挑戦しましたがもっと判らなかった感じです。「セガの看板キャラクターであるソニック。世に出る前に彼に付けられていた名前を選べ」と言う問題が判りませんでした。作った人なのにね セガい共通テスト受験終了！"
↑ 15.015.115.2Yuji Naka (2013). "Interview With Yuji Naka". in Les Editions Pix'n Love]. The History Of Sonic The Hedgehog. UDON Entertainment Corp. pp. 90–95. ISBN 978-1-926778-96-9.
↑ 18.018.118.2Naoto Ohshima (2013). "Interview With Naoto Ôshima". in Les Editions Pix'n Love]. The History Of Sonic The Hedgehog. UDON Entertainment Corp. pp. 96–101. ISBN 978-1-926778-96-9.
↑Stuart, Keith (2014). "The Blue Blur". in Wall, Darren]. Sega Mega Drive/Genesis Collected Works. Read-Only Memory. pp. 20–24. ISBN 978-0-9575768-1-0.
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